Cauliflower came to Russia in the XVIII century and because of its high cost, for a long time was available only to wealthy representatives of the aristocracy. After breeding varieties capable of yielding good harvests in our latitudes, has become widespread. Now cauliflower is grown on almost every garden plot.
The famous species today is a tribal form from Italy. Other variants of cauliflower are romanesque and various hybrid breeds. In Germany, the traditional variety Erfurt-dwarf is the most common and easiest to grow, especially for small farmers.
Cauliflower is grown in Europe mainly in France and Italy. A popular vegetable is cauliflower, however, mainly in China and India. 
Cauliflower loves the full sun of the penumbra The average duration of sunshine should be 6 hours a day at a height of space should be protected from the wind, certainly there will be one for cultivating cauliflower profitability. 
Exalted Baldo Stargate Barcelona. . For a greenhouse, seeds and early bedding or outdoor seating should be respected on good garden soil, better sifted compost.
Beneficial features
Cauliflower is considered a dietary product. Fiber, which is part of cauliflower, is more delicate in structure than in white cabbage. It is easily digested, does not irritate the mucous membrane of the digestive organs, so it is recommended for patients with gastritis, peptic ulcers, liver disease and cholecystitis. Pediatricians recommend using cauliflower as a first food for children.
Many gardeners also prefer so-called manure or bastards for sowing and diving. It is important when sowing is a well-hardened soil. In winter, you can cover with blankets or bushes. Some swear by balling, which is planting in a pot or wrapped in jute cloth. Optimal for growing and panning are heated greenhouses. Of germinated young plants, only the best developed ones should be forgiven, and others must be submitted to compost.
Soil for cauliflower
The distance between the rows should be at least 80 cm and is ideal for mulching or mixed crops. To get a beautiful white head, attach the fruit to the green leaves of the shell. The leaves can also be bent and placed on cabbage. It is also recommended to light cauliflower.
Cabbage cauliflower contains a large number of vitamin C, vitamins B1, B2, PP, A, as well as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, iron. It is rich in apple, folic, lemon and pantothenic acids, pectin substances.
Regular use of cauliflower in food reduces the risk of developing prostate cancer and breast cancer.
If cauliflower plants are sufficiently fertilized and watered, it is advisable to mulch the soil around plants with a lawn or petals. This preserves soil moisture and adds nutrients. In particular, fennel leaves are very calcareous. Do not fertilize 2-3 weeks before harvest. However, it is always necessary to provide a sufficient supply of water, the floor should not dry out.
Before the harvest, cauliflower should be completely watered. Cauliflower does not mature at the same time, so the gardener is available for a few weeks for fresh cauliflower. After harvesting cauliflower is still delayed for a while, when it is hung upside down with roots in a cool and shady place. In a refrigerating compartment of a refrigerator or in a dark cellar it lasts several days.
Contained in cauliflower enzymes, help to cleanse the body of toxins, toxins, harmful substances. Cauliflower strengthens bone tissue, normalizes metabolism, cleanses blood, strengthens blood vessels. Cauliflower, thanks to its complex and rich chemical composition, is not only useful product nutrition, but also a real medicine.
A kaleidoscope often wobbles around in small gardens, laying eggs on leaf leaves, where they can be easily undressed. Otherwise, the larvae destroy the green foliage for a very short time, depending on the infection, and, therefore, also weaken the plant.
Here, as in the case of leaf worms, bird protection or a vegetable network helps. The smell keeps insects. If, on the other hand, the soil is not sufficiently weakened or too much drought, earthen fleas are formed from cauliflower. Therefore, cauliflower should always be well watered, shredded and scraped during drying. Mulching also helps against fleas of the earth.
Cauliflower is widely used in cooking - it is boiled, stewed, marinated, used in raw form, frozen.
Botanical characteristics of cauliflower
Cauliflower is an annual plant.
Root rod, when grown in a seedless manner, reaches a depth of 60 cm. When grown through seedlings, as a result of the breakage of the central root, the root system becomes friable.
Planting seedlings on a permanent place and caring for plants
In addition, cauliflower must fight the so-called cabbage, mushroom disease. This mucus fungus eats the root rod from below, so the affected plants must be cut off and destroyed along with the stem. One rule is that cruciferous plants can not be cultivated for seven years on beds covered with coal. Meanwhile, however, there are coal-resistant varieties, such as the modern Clapton breed, an early version of the summer harvest.
Which mixed culture is suitable for cauliflower? A number of species can be grown between rows of flowering cauliflower. The gardener must monitor his needs, experience and soil conditions. What types of vegetables are particularly suitable. If he does not get what he needs, the harvest will be missed.
Stem Low, expanding to the top, with large leaves, ends with a head. At the beginning of the vegetation, it is grassy, coarsening with age.
Leaves form a powerful upright rosette, with a diameter of up to 60 cm, a height of 40-70 cm. The shape of the leaves is lyrate-pinnate, the first leaves with petioles, the subsequent may be sessile. Coloring the leaves from light to dark green, it is blue-green and even bluish.
For this you need cauliflower
Bankruptcy is beautiful: the harvest falls this year. Where are the beautiful white heads? The conditions were probably not correct. In fact - sometimes he is somewhat divorced, cauliflower. It's nice to know what he really wants! A high proportion of humus is always favorable. Annually about five liters per square meter of mature compost is enough to make the soil more fertile in the long term. Nevertheless: in very hot summer months cauliflower on sandy soil sometimes does not form flower heads.
Head begins to form after the formation of a rosette of 20-30 leaves. The head is a modified inflorescence with shortened fleshy shoots, on which fleshy buds, tightly pressed together, grow. The color of the head can be white, cream, violet, greenish, etc. The shape of the heads is from round to flat-round. With observance of agrotechnics and careful care can grow up to 2 kg in weight.
If, on the other hand, you find better conditions, you can collect your own cauliflower almost every year. They are well suited for winter protection or in a greenhouse in winter and continue to grow in the spring. Since May, drifts and early varieties have followed. Either in the window, or in the greenhouse. The first cauliflower potion or unheated greenhouse ripens in May.
Cauliflower is also available in color. For example, graffiti is emitted bright violet-pink. If, on the other hand, you want to grow varicoloured varieties, such as cabbage from winter flowers or the aforementioned boiled cabbage, you will only be self-sufficient. You can not always get broccoli as seedlings ready for a plant.
Flowering shoots - powerful, with numerous flowers, collected in a brush. Flowers more often small and medium-sized, with thin pedicels. Color from white to yellow.
Fetus - multi-seed pod, 6-8,5 cm long, cylindrical in shape.
Seeds small, round, brown color. Germination of seeds lasts 3-4 years.
How to grow cauliflower seedlings?
An empirical rule, by the way, for all cabbage: they are ready to plant with three or four real leaves, about four to six weeks after sowing. Cauliflower and broccoli are planted as high as they were in the picnic bowl or in one pot. Depending on the type that they need.
Terms of sowing of cauliflower seeds
This is the king of cabbage: cauliflower is grown all over the world, but mainly in Europe and Asia, and is one of the most popular varieties of vegetables in the world. But its popularity is not without reason, because it is not only easy to digest, but can also be quickly prepared and versatile for hot and cold cuisine.
Biological features of cauliflower
Shine. Cauliflower is a light-loving plant of a long day. Particularly demanding for light in the initial phase of development. With a long light day, cabbage quickly forms heads, with a short - the period of the formation of the head increases, but the head turns more dense. In the sunlight, the heads begin to crumble and lose their whiteness. To prevent this from happening, you need to crack the inner leaves of the socket, covering them with a head.
But broccoli should not be despised either! It is rich in minerals and vitamins, and is also very popular in European cuisine. Broccoli is suitable not only as an accompaniment, but also for pots or broccoli soups. Cauliflower is not only delicious and versatile, but above all healthy: at a very low calorie content it contains many vitamins, minerals and fiber. It should be emphasized its content of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron and vitamin C, as well as beta-carotene. Like all varieties of fruits and vegetables, cauliflower also contains a large number of so-called secondary crops, which, according to new scientific knowledge, are valuable for our health.
Temperature. Cauliflower is a cold-resistant plant. Seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of + 5 + 6 degrees. The optimum temperature for injury is +20 degrees, shoots will appear on 3-4 days. If the temperature drops to +12 degrees, the shoots will appear later, after 10-12 days.
Cauliflower grows well and develops at + 15 + 18 degrees. Poorly tolerates high temperatures. At a temperature above +25 degrees, cabbage growth slows down, the heads grow small and loose. Hardened seedlings can withstand a short-term drop in temperature to -5 degrees, not tempered-afraid of minus temperatures. Adult cauliflower plants tolerate a short-term temperature drop to -1-2 degrees, and late varieties even -4-5 degrees.
Technology of cultivation of cauliflower
Therefore, cauliflower is an important part of the regulation of nutrition: five times a day, fruits and vegetables - not only for health, but for culinary enjoyment. The delicate structure of this cabbage makes it easily digestible and easily digestible, so it is especially suitable for using diets, sick and dry foods. They are also suitable for diabetics because of their low carbohydrate content. Children appreciate small delicious tastes, as well as older people.
Cabbage broccoli, also known as asparagus, is very similar to cauliflower, because it is easy to digest and contains many vitamins and minerals! As in the case of cauliflower, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron and vitamin C, as well as beta-carotene, as well as vitamins A and E are especially noteworthy.
Moisture. Cauliflower, like any other, is very demanding for moisture, since the cabbage root system is located close to the surface of the soil. Especially it is demanding for moisture during the growth of the leaf outlet and during the formation and growth of the head. Optimal soil moisture content 70%, air humidity 80%. Sharp fluctuations in moisture have a bad effect on the development of plants, so watering should be regular. With insufficient irrigation, the growth of plants is suspended, even a short-term drought leads to a decrease in yield and a deterioration in the quality of the heads. Especially bad for the development and growth of cabbage, when the low humidity of soil and air is combined with high temperatures. At temperatures above +22 degrees, the soil must be constantly moist. Overflows also have a negative effect on plants - they can get sick and die.
A century in Europe. Today, in addition to Italy and France, the Netherlands is one of the most important countries of cauliflower exports. For cauliflower, the names of carfiol are used, cheese cabbage, Italian cabbage, cauliflower, grape cabbage or brussels sprouts. Cauliflower is a cultivational form of wild cabbage, which grows mainly in the humid coastal regions of the Mediterranean, plants are annual. The parts of the plants that we eat as vegetables are not leaves, as in the case of white cabbage and red cabbage, and the inflorescences are inflated, that is, flower stems and flower buds of the cabbage plant.
The soil. Cauliflower makes high demands on soil fertility and nutrition. Due to the close arrangement of the roots to the surface of the soil, cabbage grows poorly on cold, moist and rapidly drying soils. It grows well on light loams and sandy loamy soils, with a high content of nutrients.
Technology of cultivation of cauliflower
Good precursors for cauliflower will be any vegetables, except for vegetables from the family of cruciferous. Place for cauliflower should be well lit.
No ovary on cauliflower
For this reason, they speak here of the so-called "Inflorescence-Cochlarten". If broccoli and cauliflower are closely related, they show some differences. "Flower" in cauliflower, also called "cheese", "rose" or "grapes", is the result of compression and transformation of the main axis of the inflorescence with all its Ramification to a hemispherical, closed fleshy mass, only the head of cauliflower.
Therefore, it is nothing more than a fleshy, thickened, not yet fully developed inflorescence, so far without flower buds. This condition is the optimal final stage, which lasts only a few days, because then the inflorescences are stretched, appear more or less distinctly than the bulging little clots, the head becomes sandy and loose, and the flower buds are applied. Also in broccoli are not leaves, but compressed flower stems and flower buds, a "flower", an edible part. While cauliflower has a solid "flower", the head of broccoli consists of clearly differentiated, fully developed, mostly dark green, sometimes bluish, flickering flower buds.
Beds under cabbage cook since autumn. If the soil is acidic, then it must be limed, since cauliflower does not grow on acidic soils. Under the digging, lime-pushers (200-400 grams per square meter) are introduced, or dolomite flour (200-800 grams per square meter) can be used. If liming of the soil is not required, then from autumn the manure is applied to the beds (5-6 kg per 1 sq. Meter), under the digging.
In cauliflower "flower" is protected from light by the large leaves covering it, it remains white, as well as the desire of consumers. To protect the desired white cauliflower, varieties have been developed whose leaves almost completely protect the "flower". Otherwise, several hours of intense exposure to the sun will cause the heads that are not covered to turn yellow, brown or purple. Romanesco, especially rich in vitamins With a rich version of vegetable cabbage, fascinates not only with its color, but above all its quaint shape, which is also known as the minaret or cauliflower of turmeric.
In spring, the land should not be filled with fresh manure, it is better to use compost or humus (4-5 kg per 1 sq. Meter). It is also necessary to add mineral fertilizers: 20-25 gr. ammonium nitrate, 25-35 g. superphosphate and 15-20 gr. potassium salt per 1 sq. km. meter. Cabbage is very responsive to the application of organic fertilizers and mineral elements, especially molybdenum and boron. They can be introduced in the preparation of beds or used for fertilizing. Determine that the plant lacks boron or molybdenum, it is possible in appearance. The heads begin to rot, the apical growth points die out - there is not enough boron. Leaves are deformed and a head is not formed - molybdenum is not enough.
Timing. In order to obtain a crop of cauliflower throughout the season, it is better to sow crops by conveyor belt, with an interval of 2-3 weeks.
For early planting cabbage is sown in early March (in the middle lane) and at the age of 50-60 days the cabbage is ready for planting in open ground. The first harvest can be removed at the end of June. When early planting cauliflower should provide temporary shelter - in the case of frost.
For spring-summer and summer-autumn cultivation of cauliflower, the optimal age of seedlings is 40-45 days.
For early cultivation, early varieties and hybrids are used, and for the spring-summer and summer-autumn, medium and late.
Sowing. The soil mixture for sowing is prepared from soddy land, peat and humus, taken in equal parts and steamed. The prepared mixture is scattered in boxes or pots. Or you can plant it right in the garden in the greenhouse. Seeds are also prepared before sowing, as in white cabbage (see Growing white cabbage). Seeds are sown in striae to a depth of 1 cm, the distance between seeds is 2-3 cm, between grooves 3-5 cm. The boxes are covered with a film and placed in a warm place, with an air temperature of + 18 + 20 degrees. After emergence of shoots, the film is removed, and the boxes with seedlings are transferred to a cool place (+ 7 + 8 degrees), a balcony or a greenhouse. This agrotechnical technique guarantees the production of good cauliflower heads. This temperature regime should be maintained for a week, then raise the temperature to +15 + 16 degrees at night and + 20 + 22 degrees in the daytime.
Picks Seedlings are carried out 2 weeks after emergence in pots 8x8 cm, deepening when planted to cotyledonous leaves.
Practice shows that it is better to grow cabbage in pots without picks. In the pots, 3 seeds are sown, after leaves, one is left, the strongest, the rest is removed. Sown in the garden, after the shoots are thinned, leaving a distance of 10 cm between the seedlings. With thickened plantings, the seedlings will stretch and grow weak.
Care for seedling is the regular watering, loosening and fertilizing. Seedlings can be fed with urea (1 tablespoon per 10 liters of water) or "Agricola" for cabbage crops (according to the instructions). The consumption of the solution is 2-3 liters per 1 sq. Km. meter. During the cultivation of the rissade, it is necessary to carry out 3 additional fertilizing. The first fertilizing is done 10-12 days after picking, the second and third - 12-14 days after the previous one.
Hardening. 2-3 weeks before disembarkation, the seedlings begin to accustom to low temperatures and direct sunlight, taking to the street or balcony.
Transplanting. Holes in a row make in rows. Between the rows of 50 cm, between plants 40 cm. In each hole put 0.5 liters of humus, 2 tbsp. l. wood ash and 0.5 tbsp of complex fertilizer, all mixed with earth. Seedlings are previously well spilled with water. 1 liter of water is poured into the hole, before planting, and the seedling is planted, deepening to the first real leaves, covered with earth, compacted.
To protect early planted seedlings from frosts and sharp temperature changes, cabbage can be covered with non-woven material. The shelter will also protect the cabbage from cruciferous fleas and cabbage whitecaps.
Watering. The first days of cabbage watered every day, gradually cutting watering up to 2 times a week. After each watering, the soil must be loosened to ensure air access to the roots.
Feeding. During the entire period of vegetation cauliflower needs fertilizing. The first feeding is carried out 12-14 days after landing in the ground. Feeding can be done with a solution of Mullein (1 liter per 10 liters of water) or infusion of bird droppings (1 liter for 15 liters of water), add 1 tbsp to the bucket of the finished solution. spoon of complex fertilizer. The consumption of the solution is 0.5-0.7 liters. on 1 plant. The second feeding is done 2 weeks after the first, for example with liquid fertilizer "Effeton" (3 tablespoons per 10 liters of water). The third feeding is carried out during the knotting process, with potassium sulfate. The consumption of the solution is 1 liter per plant. With the cultivation of cauliflower, additional fertilization with microelements is effective, which can be combined with basic top dressing. To do this, use complex microfertilizers in the form of tablets or powders. Very good effect on knotting and growth of heads, foliar top dressing with trace elements: boric acid (10 g per 10 liters of water), copper vitriol (8 grams per bucket of water), molybdenum (1 g per bucket of water).
Cleaning. Remove the cauliflower as the heads mature, selectively. The heads should be 8-12 cm in diameter. In time, not cleaned the heads are scattered. Cut heads together with 3-4 leaves, they protect the head from greening and mechanical damage.
Cabbage does not have time to completely form the head, you can grow. Plants with heads 5-7 cm in diameter and well developed leaves, taken out together with a clod of earth and transferred to a greenhouse. Install in prepared furrows, a depth of 15 cm, spilled with water, close to each other and buried. To grow cabbage, darkness is needed, for this purpose it is covered with a dark film or with black covering material. In the greenhouse, humidity is maintained within 85-90% and a temperature of + 4 + 5 degrees. When cold it is warmed with sawdust or manure, with a layer of 20-25 cm. By early December, high-grade heads are formed.
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Cauliflower comes from wild species common in the Mediterranean regions of Western Europe and North Africa. Originally, the culture gained popularity in Germany, Holland and Denmark, and then it was brought to Russia.
Head cauliflower and the leaves can be eaten in fresh, stewed, boiled and fried. For long-term storage cauliflower can be frozen, sour and canned.
Cultivation of cauliflower in the middle zone of Russia, in the regions of Siberia and northern regions is produced in seedlings.
VEGETABLE COUNCIL.Cauliflower contains 5% of sugars, 4% of protein, 100 mg of vitamin C, 1.6% of carotene, as well as vitamins of group B (B 1, B 2), vitamin PP, salts of sodium, calcium, magnesium, iodine, iron, phosphorus and potassium.
Basic conditions for growing cauliflower
Moisture for cauliflower
The main part of the root system of cauliflower is located at a depth of about 20 cm, so the plant is very demanding of moisture and suffers from its shortage. In order to keep moisture in the soil, after each watering you need to loosen the soil around the plants.
Heat for cauliflower
Cauliflower - cold-resistant culture. For normal growth it is sufficient for the temperature (16-20 ° C). Adult plants transfer a short-term decrease in temperature to (-2 ° C). If the air temperature is (10 ° C) or higher (25 ° C) for a long time, the yield of the plant and the taste of the cabbage are greatly reduced.
Soil for cauliflower
For cultivation of cauliflower any type of soil with a pH equal to 7 is suitable. A good yield can be obtained on heavy fertile medium loamy soils or chernozems.
Good precursors of cauliflower on the garden plot are legumes, cucumbers, onions, potatoes, beets, tomatoes and perennial grasses.
Bad predecessors, after which it is impossible to plant cauliflower- this is a vegetable culture of the cruciferous family.
GARDEN TIP.The heads of cauliflower shade from the sun, otherwise they can turn yellow, brighten and quickly go to flowering.
It is desirable to grow cauliflower as the first or second culture after the application of organic fertilizers. In the same place cabbage can be grown no more than 2-3 years, because during this time in the soil accumulate pathogens and harmful substances. Under the autumn digging, 4-6 kg of compost or overgrown manure, 20-30 g of double superphosphate and 20 g of potassium sulfate are applied to the soil per 1 m 2. In the spring, during digging into the ground for 1 m 2 add 20 g of ammonium nitrate or urea.
Cultivation of cauliflower seedlings
Culture can be grow in seedlings, planting in two stages: spring-summer and summer-autumn. Seeds are seeded on seedlings from 10 to 20 March. Cauliflower seedlings are recommended for growing in peat bogs, sealing seeds in the soil to a depth of 0.5 cm. The crops are mulched with dry sand, then the soil is compacted and poured with warm water. In the afternoon, the seedlings are kept in a room with a temperature (15-18 ° C), at night it is reduced to (10-12 ° C). After the shoots appear, they are thinned out.
Care of cauliflower seedlings
Seedlings of cauliflower are fed with organic and mineral fertilizers. After 2-3 seed sheets appear on the seedlings, fertilize by dissolving 5 grams of ammonium nitrate or 15 g of potassium nitrate in 10 liters of water. You can also use a mixture of 1.5 g urea, 40 g superphosphate and 10 grams of potassium chloride, dissolving it in 10 liters of water. Cauliflower seedlings are seldom watered, but abundantly. 2 weeks before planting the plants in the open ground begin to carry out for pouring.
Planting of cauliflower seedlings
Ready for planting cauliflower seedlings must have 5-6 true leaves. Plant it in the open ground at the age of 40-50 days in the period from 1 to 10 June. The distance between the rows should be 50 cm, and between the plants - 30 cm. After planting the seedlings are watered.
Care for cauliflower
Care for cauliflower is the regular watering, fertilizing, loosening the soil and destroying pests. 2 weeks after the cabbage is planted in the open ground, fertilize with bird droppings (1 part of the fertilizer for 15 parts of water). You can use for fertilizing manure slurry (1 part of fertilizer for 10 parts of water with the addition of 1 tablespoon of complex fertilizer). The next feeding is carried out 5-7 days after the first. At 1 m 2 of the area, 1 cup of wood ash is spilled, then the hilling is carried out to a depth of 5 cm and watered the plants with a nutrient solution (1 tablespoon of nitrophosphate per 10 l of water).
VEGETABLE COUNCIL.A distinctive feature of cauliflower is the one-year development cycle, in which, in the first year of vegetation, a head is formed, consisting of numerous shoots with small floral rudiments. After growth in cauliflower, elongated seed shoots are formed with yellow flowers collected in a brush.
Cauliflower is demanding for soil fertility and fertilizer application. On acidic and alkaline soils, the cabbage growth point is deformed, with a lack of boron the inflorescence becomes terry, and dense brown spots appear on the heads. With a lack of copper on leaves, chlorosis is formed, in the case of molybdenum starvation, the leaf of the leaf is thinner. The lack of magnesium leads to the disintegration of the heads.
Harvesting of cauliflower
Harvesting of cauliflower spend selectively, because the maturation of the heads does not occur simultaneously. During cleaning on the head, 3-4 regular sheets should be left to protect the edible part from contamination and damage.
Plants of the third sowing period, which did not succeed in forming the heads at the end of the harvesting period, can be grown in a warm room. For this, plants that have well-developed leaves and heads with a diameter of at least 5 cm are selected, dig them out with a clod of the Earth and transfer them to greenhouses or greenhouses by digging them into the soil. Cultivate cauliflower in the dark.
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